Electronic+Priniciples

Electric currents are produced by the flow of electric charge. Most of the fundamental concepts of electromagnetism are summed up in Maxwell's Equations.

**Historic Pioneers**
Alessandro Volta - the first battery, demonstrated electric force, setup the electrochemical series of metals. The principle of the battery is that the storage of electrochemical potential is released when two dissimilar metal plates are put in contact. The transfer of charge is enhance when placed in a salt bath. This enabled the first stable source of electricity. For instance, an increase in eletrical voltage can be thought of as additions of metal plates in the battery, the true sources of electrical storage. Luigi Galvani - discovered electricity in animals, i.e. eels and frogs legs, steal and brass metal stimulated frog leg; discovered galvanic coupling A.M. Ampere - 1 ampere = 6 billion billion electrons passing in the circuit per second. George Ohm - discovered relationship between current, voltage and resistance; Ohm's Law Gustav Kirchoff - 1st Law: energy of source equals energy of circuit; a restatement of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. 2nd Law: currents flowing into a junction equal the total currents coming out.

Permittivity
Permittivity is the amount of resistance to forming a new electric field in vacuum. This is meaured by perturbing an electric field with a dielectric material. Dielectrics create an opposing field. The permitivity of a vacuum is epsilon_0 = 8.8541878176 · 10^12C/Vm. It is related to the electric susceptibility which is the likelihood for a dielectric to polarize.